US Lehman Brothers Mortgage Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2073 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The proposals broad-area-of-study is financial performance within Management accounting and strategy. The notion will examine the association/relationship among the works of intellectual-capital (structural-capital and human-capital) and financial and non-financial performance in financial service industry (intermediary) in developed-country within foreign branch/foreign establishment in international/multinational companies. The motivation behind this research is recognizing core elements/ variables to control/restrict/limit (for future organization) thus are most responsible to transfer crunch/ bankruptcy cause leapt of great depression/ recession to sustain and retain the advent of globalization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "US Lehman Brothers Mortgage Company" essay for you Create order The roots of research are global financial crisis 2007 and 2008, has passed through various stages exposed pervasive weaknesses in global financial system and regulatory frame work in financial service industry which created negative impact/image of globalization and international /multinational financial companies among public and within firms/country boundary. The specific/narrow focus of research is to choose one (single business such as mortgage loan or treasury) of bankrupt international /multinational financial firm (such as Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and many more*) to analyze. Additionally the studys contribution to extract literature to resist, control and limit expansion/ further financial disaster for developed and developing countries in term of maintaining respected economy of country. Research questions and aim of study The aim of study is to explore and examine of intellectual capital and performance quality/measurement such as financial and non-financial in bankrupt financial service company (i.e Lehman) though they seek out a reliable relationship in business performance, that tend to expose the pervasive weakness in this financial system and regulatory frame work. Additionally find how to rescue strong foreign branches from catastrophe to limit financial crisis with countrys boundary to prolong and save the allure/benefits of globalization for to maintain confidence of future potential investor and financial corporations. The research questions that the study would explore are; Was the Lehman strategy effective to carry business? If so, what was the blunder/ritual they made/feel by intellectual capital to gain more profit? Was a Lehman Brothers evaluating its intellectual capital? If so, how can they do it? Was there flaw to continue? If not, can a model for evaluating intellectual capital be developed? Was there an optimal mix of intellectual capital components? Were they evaluating their financial performance? If so, how? What factors contribute to performance? Is there relationship between the components of intellectual capital and financial performance in Lehmen Brothers? How might the current methods of measuring intellectual capital and business performance be improved? Does culture impact on measuring intellectual capital and management? Can we limit the financial crisis within countrys boundary to rescue foreign branch/establishment? If so, what are variable to restrict to limit crisis? Background and motivation Some of the formal/Official economic data presented that extensive number of nations bearing recession as of early 2009. First of all US had suffered recession at the end of 2007, and 2008 and many other nations swallow the effect. United States recession: In the United States recession notably throw by housing market correction (a potential effect of United States housing bubble) and subprime mortgage crisis. According to 2008/2009 recession is considering personal spending fall for the first time in last 20 years. It specifies the intensity and harshness of the current recession as shown lower consumer confidence and recovery acquire in long period of time. U.S. population has been tough knock by the current recession because of two reasons 01. Value of houses was falling and 02. Personal pension-savings devastate on the financial market. The individuals were helpless gazed at their wealth being furrowed along with scare of losing jobs as marked by rise in unemployment rate. In the U.S. February 2008, 63,000 jobs discarded in five years. On April 6, 2008 Alan Greenspan, Ex-chairman of Federal Reserve indicated 50% probability of US suffer recession. Furthermore The Bureau of Economic Analysis also accounted more 156,000 jobs had been vanished in September. On April 29, 2008, Moodys acclaimed that nine US states are in recession. In November 2008 company eradicate 533,000 jobs, the largest single month hammering in 34 years. As to accumulate the loss for 2008, a projected 2.6 million U.S. jobs were abolished. In March 2009 the unemployment rate of US rise to 8.5 percent, and 5.1 million people become job less since the recession commenced in December 2007. Some analysts acknowledged that due to a prolonged credit crisis and wild inflation in supplies such as oil, food and steel, the United States was however in a recession. Also showed 6.4% cry off decline in spending all through Q3 on non-durable commodities, i.e. garments and foodstuff, this is biggest hit since 1950. The United Stated had been suffering from a recession (once economy boomed), depend on a number of economic indicators such as job sufferers, sharp turn down in personal income, and drop in real GDP. With the formal acclamation o f The National Bureau of Economic Research and Most of economists assumed that the recession have ended. But they had not made this official determination until July 2003 that the NBER publicize its official determination. Effect over world: The United States financial crisis has resounded around the globe. The crisis not only weakened the US national economy but also spoiling around the world i.e fall of stock price can been observed globally. The various media highlighted effects over other countries economy i.e New Delhi news pointed towards the effect over India, China, and Russia. The newsweek.com making US responsible for China, Mexico, France, Britain, South Korea, Germany, Beijing and Japan. In Australia, share holders and superannuation funds have suffered significant losses. Many ordinary Australians will be forced to bear the brunt of the US crisis via diminished retirement income and being forced to work beyond their planned retirement age. An other Literature referring ten countries suffering by United States financial crisis: including China, Brazil; Latin American, Romania, Thailand, North Korea, Iran, Malaysia, Morocco and The United Arab Emirates for various reasons but all they one thing comm on is connectivity of Business and business market. Fall of Lehman Brothers The fall down of the Lehman Brothers is one of the most unpredictable and adverse consequences of the global financial crisis. When on 15 September 2008, the company submitted for relief under Bankruptcy Code (Chapter 11). The journey of 158 years comes to end, started from Two cotton brokers in Montgomery, Ala established the bank in 1850, then steadily developed and after civil war Lehman banks headquarters shifted to New York City with a new name Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and gripe over the globe facilitating regional headquarters mainly in Tokyo and London. In the life of 158 years, the Lehman Holdings Inc. provided quality services in financial market in different sectors investment, private banking, equity, research, fixed-income sales, management and private equity. It was the fourth largest US investment bank with a record of over 158 years and a perennial credit rating of A or above. Every body shocked when they heard such news a bank of these standings collap sed overnight, taking with it the loss of the market liquidity. On September 15, 2008 Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. including Lehman Holdings and its subsidiaries commence Chapter 11 bankruptcy at US Court of Southern District New York with the loss of roughly $768 billion and assets worth around $639 billion, become biggest bankruptcy in US history. The unexpected fall down of the Lehman Brothers has originated not only suffering among local and global investors, but also created extensive anxiety in the general public particularly regarding confidence over financial investments and its aggravates the public how to anticipated length of life regarding future investments. Condition of foreign subsidiary/branches/establishment Sixteen Distributing Banks of Lehman Brothers Minibonds announce that they are offering investors a scheme for the repurchase of Minibonds. The bankruptcy of Lehman wounded its foreign subsidiaries such as UKs subsidiary with the PricewaterhouseCoopers, Lehman Brothers International (Europe), Lehman Holdings principal European broker-dealer. Moreover, two Japanese subsidiaries of Lehman Holdings submitted bankruptcy in District Court of Tokyo for  ¥4 trillion ($38 billion) in mutual liabilities, this is considered as the countrys second-largest crumple since World War II. For that reason the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Japans Financial Services Agency have ordered Lehman to postpone its Japanese operations and the firm will only be allowed to deal to accomplish existing contracts and to convalesce client assets. Further, Lehman has ended to trade on the Hong Kong Securities Exchange and the Hong Kong Futures Exchange until further notice. It is also created a tragedy in UK Lehman employees about 5000 were jobless. Such conditions created throbbing and impious ambiance for public in terms of creating anxiety, unemployment, inflation that can cause obstacle in way of life. Methodology The literature can be identified a variety of research methodologies that are used (interview, questionnaire, survey of annual reports, focus groups) to evaluate intellectual capital. Interviews and questionnaires were often used to supplement each other. Given this background I projected to use a triangulated approach drawing on qualitative and quantitative research methods. The ultimate objective could be a qualitative score or index that can be manipulated, however the process of building the index would require that components of intellectual capital be measured and valued and this is often a highly subjective exercise requiring input from several diverse perspectives. The steps that would be taken would include a series of qualitative interviews to identify the components of intellectual capital that are applicable to financial firm. Using the information provided from the interviews together with indicators develop a set of constructs that would be incorporated into a ques tionnaire using a point scale. This questionnaire that would be used to evaluate intellectual capital would consist of statements that intend to operationally and reflect the constructs mentioned. In addition, these statements would be weighted according to their importance and relevance for optimizing the value creating activities in the financial corporations. This questionnaire would be piloted, refined and administered. The data would be recoded to reflect scores and indices using some form of weighting according to their relative importance. The proposed indices would be presented to a range of stakeholders for comments and refinement. Data from the Lehman Brothers on organizational performance both financial and operational would be collected. The data on performance measures would be cross-referenced to data from a number of financial agencies for establishing benchmarks. Also, data collected from a strong/healthy foreign branch/establishment to find out indifferent str uctural framework, policy if they do carried to way-out to rescue future occurrence. Purpose of Study is qualitative and quantitative falling in both categories exploratory and descriptive study because some issue like intellectual-capital-relationship in financial firms has no available information on how similar problems or research issue had been solved in the past? and also descriptive nature because of quantitative data measurement i.e. financial-business-performance. Type of Investigation this is co-relational study because multiple factors that influence one and other the problem in a chainlike fashion. Therefore it is require identifying crucial factors, which are associated with the problem. Study Setting as described above the study is co-relational therefore study can be done in natural environment where the works precede normally as field study so this is non-contrived setting. The concern is that our unit of analysis is no more exist and had bankrupt. Unit o f analysis refer to the level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage. The research main unit of analysis is organization (such as to examine organizational performance as a whole), Secondly the individual (to analyze intellectual capital) and minor the group the division (to cope with cultural and foreign branches/establishment). Time Horizon of our research is can be cross-sectional in determining performance perspectives, and longitudinal in subject of studying people behavior. Conclusion The contribution that this research should make to extract literature to resist, control and limit expansion/ further financial disaster for developed and developing countries in term of maintaining respected economy of their country and way-out to rescue strong foreign branches from catastrophe to limit financial crisis with countrys boundary to prolong and save the allure/benefits of globalization for to maintain confidence of future potential investor and financial corporations. Additionally, this research finding should also assist them in their recruiting of personnel, acquisition of fixed assets and deployment of other resources to ensure that they are competitive and ensure secure ways to do business. This research should also contribute to the extant literature by providing a model for evaluating intellectual capital in the financial industry as well as on the appropriate mix of people, technology and physical assets in the organisation.

Mindfulness - 1275 Words

Wk 25/ 4th April 2014 Journal Homework Assignment Jeanette Sweeney: 20243457 BTEC Level 5 counselling Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling Tutors: Jacqueline Lloyd/ Emma Wilkinson Mindfulness Today the theory was about mindfulness, and I have to admit that I didn’t know the true depth of its meaning. With my newly acquired knowledge I am aware that it is yet another incredibly deep meaningful hypothesis with a myriad of philosophical approaches. In this journal I will endeavour to provide a clear (concise as it can be) overview of mindfulness. I always associated mindfulness with being careful (be mindful of that road) or as a reminder (be mindful about dads birthday this week) consequently I thought when I said such things I was†¦show more content†¦Mindfulness is an archival instance that could be experienced, it is ‘The present moment’ but seemingly it is an experience that is avoided the most. Purposely directing the awareness from such troublesome thoughts, and towards the ‘anchor’ of the momentarily experience will reduce effects these thoughts have on our lives. We create a space of freedom where calmness and contentment can grow. Mindfulness practice for counsellors could become an integral and informative part of the therapeutic relationship. Working from a perspective of non-judgemental curiosity, and knowledge of mindfulness can increase the counsellor’s ability to notice conditional patterns, develop heightened perceptions of choice, and attain a growing sense of ease with reality (Crane amp; Elias, 2012). Some of the key components of mindfulness are not dissimilar to the three core conditions offered by Roger’s; congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard (UPR). The emphasis is on providing these conditions to oneself through mindfulness-based practice. 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Explain the principal social perspective Free Essays

string(214) " class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors\." Functionalism is a structural (macro) perspective that suggests that our behaviour is influenced by the society is organised. They believe that the institutions have a major impact on how we behave in the society. The individuals are constrained by the society, and the functionalists views the individuals in the society as a puppets. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the principal social perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Functionalists says we as an individual have little power about what we do and the institution influences us. This can be seen in society in form of laws, norms, values (norm underpins values), beliefs and relationship. This theory suggests that the individuals in the society must behave properly; otherwise, they are regarded as deviant and are punished. Functionalism believes that every part of the society are interdependent with each other, which helps society to keep going. It is almost like a human body, where different parts of the body has a function together, which keep it alive and healthy; this is called organic analogy. For instance, the family helps by bringing up the next generation about the patterns of shared and stable behaviour that are called social order. Different social institution such as, legal system, political system, health system, family system and education system work together to maintain a stable society from generation to generation. For instance, the legal system provides laws, norms that underpin values, safety, discipline and order and the health system provides free health services, family system provides help in reproduction that increases the economy. All of these institutions together to form an ‘integrated whole’ society or social structure. The major function of these social constitutions are to make individual to follow the norms that underpins values and internalize them, which leads to value consensus. According to Talcott Parson, society is based on value consensus where shared and common values and behavioural norms lead to a common culture. Consensus is an agreement in the society about the values, and have freedom, equality, justice and fairness. These values are acquired by passing down from generation to generation, through primary socialisation. These values benefit everybody equally, some the example of values that exist in our society are right for equality, justice and privacy. There are mechanism of social control in the society, like punishment and rewards. Socialisation and social control ensure that there is equilibrium in the society. The process of socialisation achieves equilibrium in the society, whereas family, religion, law and mass media, which are the agents of socialisation, are responsible for maintaining the equilibrium. The functionalist believes that the western societies are meritocratic, which means the system rewards the individual in the society based on their effort and talent and social mobility is possible in this system. They also believe that people in the society can achieve status by working hard and there is equality of opportunity in the society. Talcott Parsons proposed the functionalist approach, which considers health and illness and assumes negative definition of health. He described that illness is a form of deviance that distracts proper functioning of the society, in the same way that crime does. Ill members in the society must perform a social role where sick role consists of four elements, two of which are right and responsibilities. The rights associated with the sick role was to be excused from normal social obligation and be cared for, whereas the responsibilities were to take steps to get better and co-operating with the medical professionals such as doctors. This view suggests that ill must be cared for and must be dealt with as soon as possible in order for the society to run smoothly. 1. Marxism The founder of Marxism is Karl Marx (1818-1883), who was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist and revolutionary socialist. Marxism structural (macro) perspective, where our behaviour is determined by the way society is organised. The social institutions such as laws, rules and norms have big impact on how we behave and we are controlled by the society. Marxists believes that the society is not interdependent, instead it believes that economy is the base or infrastructure of the society, and our behaviour depends upon the economy of the society. Marxists sees the society as a system that operates to make profit for the upper class. Whereas the working class are socially engineered to conform the needs of the upper class who benefit from the societies using capitalist economic system. Capitalists exists all around the world and the economies of industrial societies in the west are based on capitalism. Marxists explains that the capitalists economies compromises two main social class; the capitalists and the workers. The upper class people were the capitalists who were regarded as powerful, whereas the workers or the labours were the lower class people and were seen as powerless puppets. The capitalists exploits the workers since they do not get recognition for what they do as get have minimum wage and make surplus profit by persuading the lower class to buy the goods by advertising. The capitalists are opposite of socialism since the capitalists control what we think and what we do, the working class people are ‘brain washed’ into accepting set of beliefs that benefits the capitalists. These messages are seen to be transmitted through the cultural institutions such as media, which are controlled by the capitalists to influence the workers. The capitalists creates the dominant values that benefits the powerful and disadvantages the powerless. For instance, the monarch claim their position as god gifted and the religion help supports their point, due to which the working class people are convinced to what have to say since they have faith in their religion. Inequality in capitalist societies still exists and is unfair but they do not recognise it because the capitalists convince them that it is their fault for not achieving what they want. For instance, the capitalists would convince working class by saying the GCSE result of upper class is higher than that of lower class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors. You read "Explain the principal social perspective" in category "Papers" Marxist believes that the definition of health and illness and the health and social care services provided to the powerless serve the interests of the powerful dominant classes. The capitalists regard people who do not produce wealth as unhealthy. Marxists believe that doctors are the example of agents that work for capitalists interests rather than those of patients so that they can go to work as soon as possible and provide the capitalists with healthy work force. The government allows the capitalists to make profit from the products that cause health issues, such as alcohol and tobacco. The industries that capitalists establish cause to pollute the atmosphere and produce toxic waste that affect the people and get ill. This approach believes that illness is related to difference in the social class. For instance, poverty-stricken areas have higher levels of illness and have lower life expectancy. According to this approach, the government do no handle this issue as this would make people ill, as this leads this money and the capitalists would make advantage of it. 1. Feminists Feminism is a range of movements and ideologies that work towards goal, which establish and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal and social rights for women. Feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in different sectors like education and employment and supports for equal rights and equality of women. The feminists believe that gender inequality still exists in today’s society. Feminism is a perspective that believes that women are disadvantaged in the society and should have equal rights with the men. The feminists are critical of patriarchy. Patriarchy is a social system where the men hold the power and authority. The women have fought throughout the history for their rights and equality, which caused creation of waves of feminism. The first wave was observed in the mid late 19th century, campaigning for the change in rights for the women in early 20th century. They campaigned for two main strategy; right to vote and right to be educated. In 1928, the women were given the right to vote, but only rich women over 30 who owned property were allowed. The second wave of feminism was observed from 1960s, this lead to the formation of Women’s Rights Movement (WRM) and Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM). These organisations campaigned for right to equal pay act, domestic violence, sex discrimination, employment, violence services, education, family and health social care. WRM and WLM were successful in achieving their rights for Equal pay Act in (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and right to be educated and be employed. Due to variation in opinion of causes of gender inequality and solutions to it, there was formation of three types of feminism; liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and radical feminism. Liberal feminism proposed that gender inequality stills exists in the society because of social and cultural attitudes that is gained by the process of socialisation i.e. primary and secondary socialisation. Liberal feminist helped to promote equality through Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Act. Marxist feminism explained that the capitalists to earn profit using women. They would persuade women to buy groceries such as fabric softener, so that they would spend their money and exploit them. Radical feminism explains that the society is ruled by the men, whereas the female are oppressed, exploited and are regarded as second-class citizen. It states that men exploit women by relying on free domestic labour and men may use aggression to control women in the home. Through the gender role socialisation, wo men are convinced to accept female subordination and see motherhood as a key goal in life. The feminist writers have focused male domination in the medical profession and its effects on women. They are concerned with the way in which pregnancy and childbirth have been regarded as a medical issue rather than as natural process. Feminist writers have protested on the way which the medical professions and related pharmaceutical industries have given low priority about development and promotion of male contraceptives. It explains how women had to face medical conditions such as mental health, anxiety and depression using the contraceptives, due to which their position in the society is exploited. Theorist have been concerned about the impact of social inequality on women’s health and dual role of women. 1. Interactionism The founder of interactionism was Max Weber. Interpretivist describe that the society and the social structure are seen as the creation of individuals. Unlike functionalists, they see individuals of the society as actors not as puppets. The individuals have free will and are able to make choices of their own. Unlike in the functionalism, the power come from bottom to up. They believe that the people’s choices or decisions are influenced by how they make sense of social situations. For instance, marriage means different things to different person; an individual whose parents are divorced might have negative definition of marriage, whereas the individual who have grown up in a good family might have positive definition of marriage. The Interpretivist suggests that people make impression on how you perceive symbols, they make impression on what you wear. For instance, people will make assumption that you are smart, just because you wear glasses. These theorists are concerned with the small or micro scale situations rather than the systems, they focus on the individuals in social interaction situations. Interpretivist believe that our identity is based on how we see ourselves or how other sees us. For instance, if a student in the school is praised and us labelled as smart, then he/she might do better his/her studies as this helps to boost their self-esteem. We get influenced by media, friends and family about how we see ourselves. According to Browne labelling refers to â€Å"defining a person or a group in a certain way-as a particular ‘type‘ of person or a group†. According to Interpretivist people are attached to the labelled and it can actually damage some group of people such as disabled people. The person labelled behaves in the same way expected and they have fulfilled the prophecy and lived up to the label. Interactionist believe that health and illness are the product of social construction that affects people’s wellbeing. They believe that disease is socially constructed†. Disease does not exist as a social phenomenon until it is somehow perceived as existing† (Rosenberg 1989). This approach focuses on negotiation between the patients and medical practitioners. For instance, a female patient would feel comfortable to talk to female doctor about her reproductive health rather than a male doctor. They are concerned with labelling and self-image and social interaction differences affected by class, ethnicity and age. Symbolic interactionism is critical of Marxists and Functionalists as Interpretivist look individual as subjective through doctor and patient exchange. The argument here is that illness is a social diagnosis among actors rather than just a matter of physiological malfunction. 1. Postmodernism Postmodernism is an approach in sociology as well as in other subjects, which believes that society is changing rapidly and continuously, which is marked as an uncertainty and the social structure are being replaced by whole range of different and constantly changing social relationships. This theory believes that modern society was developed at around 1750s and has been replaced by the end of 20th century due to massive social change. The Functionalists and the Marxism perspective might be interested in modernity as they thought that if properly understood, societies could be improved. But the postmodernists argue that there is no longer a place in sociology for these type of theory. This theory suggests that the postmodern society has no progress, predictability (norms that people would predict to behave), order and continuity, due to which insecurities and anxiety has been developed in people living in postmodern society as people do not know how to behave and what is expected from others. Order, predictability and continuity are essential as it gives us routine and reassurance that provides us safety and security. Society has changed as it has gone through different industrial revolution or industrialisation, technological advances, urbanisation and secularisation. Industrialisation is the process of going from agricultural economy to heavy industrial/manufacturing economy. Secularisation is the decline of belief in religion due to rise of science whereas urbanisation means movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities. Postmodernists suggests that modern society no longer exists and we live in a postmodern era or in post modernity, where the society is media saturated. Due to the revolution of technology, globalisation has occurred where the world has become a smaller place to live in. The mass media has dominated our lives to the extent that we confuse media images with reality. This theory concludes that people in the postmodern society can have their own form of identities, how they want to see themselves or how they want to define themselves. There is diversity, choices and ‘pick and mix’ culture in this society. There is no imposition on people on how to behave and there is flexibility in the work. Due to fluidity and flexibility in the postmodern society, people might feel insecure and unsafe. 1. Collectivists and New Rights Collectivists Collectivists believes that their goal are more important than the individual goals because they believe that society as a whole has more importance than the individual alone. This theory focuses on the importance of the society and community and gives priority to the group goals than the individual goals. This approach aims to address the inequalities in the society due to different levels of wealth and status in the society. With an aim to sort out the inequalities, welfare state was established to get rid of five giant evils; want (poverty), idleness (unemployment), squalor (poor quality housing) and ignorance (underachievement). Services were made free after these giant evils were identified. To eradicate disease existing in the society, NHS service was established in 1948 to make sure that the people lived healthy life. The basic principle of collectivism is to provide people with education, health and social services for the individuals in the society who cannot afford it through taxes then access on the basis of rights as opposed to the ability to pay. These helped to provide foundation for the Welfare State which is based on the collectivists principle ‘cradle to grave’ or child to old age pension. This approach was adopted by The Labour Party who represented workers which aimed for the redistribution of wealth through taxes. In this policy, the government would cut off taxes from the wealthy people and share it with the poor (shares some ideas with Marxists). Collectivists believes that we have equal rights and the government should administer responsibility for Welfare State. The New Rights criticises the Collectivism as it creates the dependency culture. They point out that people become irresponsible, lazy and don not work as benefits are demotivating for the people. New rights The New Right was popular during 1980s. They are the political movement with a considerable cultural influence that looks at individualism and distrust of the state as controlling and interfering in what is essentially the private world of the individual. They proposed to cut the public spending and cut taxes. They wanted the rich people to have more money to spend money as they choose. The New rights was critical of Collectivists stating that the rising costs to government of the welfare state were preventing the economic growth and the individuals were becoming dependant on the welfare state. The New Rights were critical of public services owned/controlled by the government and they preferred pro private services e.g. education and health care. The New Right is argued to favour ‘the rich’, but they believe that everybody in the society has equal opportunity, so anyone can become rich. E.g. Alan Sugar. They believe that people must be responsible for their own and their family’s welfare and they should not be dependent on the government. The New Rights are completely opposite to Collectivism. The most radical New Rights would abolish the Welfare State. g) Bio-medical and social models Bio medical Model Biomedical model focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. The doctors or the health care professionals are associated with the care and treatment of diseases in this model of health. The bio medical model accept a ‘negative’ definition of health. The negative definition of health explains that the individual believes that they have good state of health and wellbeing because they have absence of physical illness, disease, injury, mental stress, free from pain and discomfort. The bio medical model of is dominant model in our society since it is based on objectivity thus this model has influenced or convinced people in the society. This model emphasises on diagnosis and treatment of the individuals separately from their living condition, due to which this model is not holistic approach. The reasons for illness are not at the centre of biomedical model. This model believes that health is a biological normality and describe that having ill health is deviant. This model believes that the disease is caused by identical factors such as germs, genes and accidents. They can be identified by having examination tests like blood, urine, saliva test, X-ray and MRI. They accept that the professionals diagnose disease then treatment is identified and cure is offered to the patient. The professionals views the human body as a machine and see things very clinically and do not really take consideration to people’s feeling. They often promote the view that disease or illness is temporary. This model indicates that we all have equal chance of getting ill and some people get ill due to weak health, whereas some people get ill due to factors such as weak sanitation. It assumes that medical treatment has had the most important impact on improving the health of individual. For instance, the NHS helps in the prolonged and preserves life, but this can be argued as health of an individual had already started to get better due to access to clean water, exercise and diet. The strength of bio medical model of health is that it is based on scientific knowledge and research and has provided many effective treatments for disease and physical condition. The bio medical model of health has be successful to provide many effective cure and treatments for disease throughout the history of humankind. The weakness of biomedical model of health is that the treatments can be expensive and require training or expertise to deliver and this model focuses on the individual and pays insufficient attention to environmental and social factors, which is not a holistic approach. Social Model The social model accepts the positive definition of health. The positive definition of health can be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This model believes that health is a relative concept and a social construct. For instance, being voluptuous centuries ago was a sign of good health, but today’s day it is regarded as health issue or overweight. This model claims that ill health is caused due to social factors (including environmental factors). For instance people can get ill because of the unhealthy diet they are consuming, poor living condition or pollution. This model is critical of ‘modern’ medicine, which are elements of biomedical model. E.g. Iatrogenisis medicine caused deformity in the baby consumed by pregnant mother eaten for nausea sickness. It argues with the biomedical model saying that illness is not randomly distributed and are critical of the assumption that medical treatments has had the most important impact on improving health. Social model can explain why population level health improvements were achieved when social conditions improved late 19th/early 20th centuries due to the improvement of sanitation and supply of clean water the health of population improved, and argues it was not because free health services was delivered to the people. The strengths of social model of health is that it focuses population health and takes a broad range of factors into account and it is widely used and understood by health care practitioners in developed countries. This model offers board and flexible and inclusive way of understanding health and illness. Whereas the weakness of this model is they do not have a clear way of identifying or classifying health problems and this model cannot explain illness or many mental health problems where there are no physical signs or symptoms, which can be distressing. The social model cannot be used to address an individual’s health problems, especially where emergency care is needed. How to cite Explain the principal social perspective, Papers

Essay Long Sentencing And Mass Incarceration Example For Students

Essay Long Sentencing And Mass Incarceration In addition to long sentencing and mass incarceration, overcrowding is caused by the Truth in Sentencing Act. Although it is similar to long prison sentences, the Truth in Sentencing Act of 1984 makes it more difficult for prisoners to get out of prison early, thus creating overcrowding. This law demanded that prisoners must serve at least 85% of their initial prison sentence. Although not all states follow this, most do require that a prisoner spends a mandatory percentage of time in prisons (Mauer). This forces people to stay in prison longer without options for early release programs. Early release programs are often better for prisoners because it allows them to make an attempt at living their lives and allows them to try and become a useful part of society, and a part of their home community. Although it can be beneficial for some inmates to serve that much time, for most this is not the case. Many feel that the Truth in Sentencing Act was created without thought on how it may affect the capacity of the prisons. According to Mauer, â€Å"The federal guidelines are a prime example of this, since they were developed without a significant concern for prison capacity.† This signifies that the Truth in Sentencing Act was created without consideration toward the number of inmates that would stay in prison longer as new inmates are admitted at the same time. Forcing people to stay in prisons for a mandatory 85% of their sentence has an enormous effect on how many prisoners we have versus the amount of space for them. This lack of consideration is yet another factor of which leads to this growing problem in America. What needs to be done is an increase in the programs that help relieve those of their sentences sooner. There are solutions to deal with prison overcrowding that have been proven to work. These come in the form of â€Å"reduction programs†. Most prison population reduction programs are founded on the principles of releasing prisoners as appropriately as possible to make space for new inmates. Furthermore, as quoted from Pitts, Griffin, and Johnson on reduction programs: â€Å"Generally referred to as backdoor strategies, prison population reduction usually entails providing early release incentives to inmates who qualify for such programs. Parole, parole reforms, home confinement/house arrest, work release, and good time credits all could be classified as means of directly reducing prison populations (Clear et al., 2011; Feinstein, 2011; Harris, 1991; Judge, 1982; Kendrick, 2011; Papy Nimer, 1991; Smith Akers, 1993; Turner, 2011).† (130) This shows there are many different ways in which to release prisoners-not all supplying them with complete â€Å"freedom†. Pitts, Griffin, and Johnson state that these programs â€Å"have an immediate impact on the availability of prison space. (131)†. In other words, these reduction programs quickly create more space for new admissions into prisons. These programs are important not only because they let people out of prisons to continue their lives, but they also create much needed space to house the extremely violent/ deadly offenders that deserve the long sentences. Allowing parole for some prisoners immediately releases them, house arrest forces them to stay inside their homes, and work release, meaning one is let out and forced to work, create the space needed to help conquer overcrowding. However, there are problems with these programs. Mauer expresses that the issue with early release programs is that human behavior is unpredictable and mistakes can happen. She is speaking of recidivism. Recidivism can be caused by not being punished long enough, or not being able to stay away from a life of crime- something many of them struggle with. Recidivism is an issue among prisons and those inside them. When a prisoner is let out of prison and resorts back to crime like before, this is known as recidivism. It is impossible to know if an ex-convict will chose to go back to a life of crime. These early release programs are designed to let people out of prison and try to make it as unlikely as possible recidivism to occur. The hope is that prison reduction programs that let prisoners out early will combat recidivism because they would be grateful to be out of the overcrowded prisons. Without these programs, prisons would continue to fill up and we would be forced to build more. Building more prisons will not solve our problems- it will just prolong them. .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .postImageUrl , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:hover , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:visited , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:active { border:0!important; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:active , .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0 .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0473c308105a8571f173f20b54bff7e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Symbolism In Strange News From Another Star Essay Research PaperMany of the people that are imprisoned in the United States are non-violent offenders. For example, nearly 53 percent of the 1.4 million prisoners in 2003 were nonviolent offenders (Katel 296). More prisoners are non-violent but are still struggling with the immensely long sentences that keep them in prison longer. Among these nonviolent offenders were those arrested for drug and property crimes, as well as public-order, etc. The population of nonviolent offenders in prison could have been reduced with the reduction programs along with alternative sentencing, keeping the vacancies open for the violent offender s that deserve longer prison sentences. As stated by Holder â€Å"Nearly half of federal inmates are serving time for drug crimes, and many need substance abuse treatment† (Glazer 29). Thus demonstrating if the half of the prisoners in federal prisons received the rehabilitation they needed instead of the longer sentencing, overcrowding would decrease and people would actually benefit. Allowing rehabilitation services would help the prisoners by letting them get their lives back. Without these services, many released prisoners will likely resort to the life they had that got them locked up in the first place. But, instead, giving them the help they need will allow them to function as a part of society and allow them to pursue whatever it is that they want in life without being behind bars. These prisoners still need to be punished, but not for as long or the same way as the others. There are different ways to punish someone who has broken the law, such as alternatives to goin g to prison, and shorter prison stays than normal. Along with rehabilitation and sentencing reform, allowing prisoners to receive education while in prison is very controversial. This education can either be a college degree or a general education diploma. Many feel that spending taxpayer’s money to educate prisoners is a waste of time and hard earned money. However, according to Jacobson, educating prisoners will evidently save money in the long run. He then states â€Å"the more education you have when you leave , the better off you’re going to be† thus demonstrating that educating our prisoners allows them to have what Jamie Fellener states as a â€Å"smoother re-entry into society saves public money† (Katel 296). When an inmate is released from prison, it is difficult for them to find employment, and can be more difficult for them to start their lives over due to their criminal record. If an inmate can receive an education while in prison they have a better chance of getting hired and being able to â €Å"catch up† to society. According to Roy Pinto, the vice president of the Pennsylvania State Corrections Officers Association, states that supplying prisoners with the education to receive a GED is often better for the prisoners, and he also expresses â€Å"†¦you’d be surprised at how many people in prison can’t read or write; if you can’t read or write you can’t support yourself honestly† (Katel 296). If prisoners cannot read or write, when they are released from prison it is likely they will be seriously unable to find a job and support themselves to the point where crime is their only option again and they relapse into criminal behavior.